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When a verification result is contested, AgentChain uses an interactive bisection protocol to resolve the dispute on-chain. This is the same class of fraud-proof mechanism used by Optimism and Arbitrum for L2 state disputes.

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When Can a Dispute Be Opened?

A dispute is opened when:
  1. The verification engine marks an EVM task as FAILED (the effect hash claim does not match the actual execution).
  2. The internal pre-flight loop confirms the mismatch.
  3. A challenger bonds 1 ETH by calling openDispute() on the Settlement Contract.
Disputes are financially binding. The 1 ETH bond is forfeited if you lose. Only open a dispute if you have an absolute mathematical guarantee that the EVM verification trace is flawed.

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The Deterministic Fast-Path (resolveActionDispute)

Because the Action Verifier is a deterministic state transition evaluator, there is no need for prolonged back-and-forth interactivity (e.g. Optimistic Bisection). The court handles the mismatch in a single execution step. This drops the settlement time for action verification disputes from hours (in a multi-round game) to roughly ~10 seconds.

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Dispute Resolution Outcomes

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Watchtower Integration

Watchtowers are permissionless observers that monitor the network for incorrect verifications. Any address can register as a watchtower by staking ETH in the Watchtower Registry:
Watchtowers earn a portion of the dispute bond when they successfully challenge an invalid verification.